Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Transaction tracing and on-chain analysis
Because every transaction on a public blockchain is recorded, it is possible to follow the money. Learn how this tracing works, why it relies on assumptions and who can use it.
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Crypto & Web3
Blockchain, Bitcoin, Ethereum, stablecoins, protocols, security and adoption.
Articles in this section
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Smart contract audits: method and limits
An audit reduces the risk of a smart contract, but does not eliminate it. Learn what auditors examine, with which tools, and what lies beyond their reach.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Why Bitcoin has a fixed supply
The 21 million bitcoin cap is not written in a contract and does not depend on a central bank. It is the result of an issuance rule in the code, checked by every computer on the network.
Crypto & Web3 · Analysis
Bitcoin vs. Ethereum: the fundamental differences
Bitcoin and Ethereum are the two most talked-about blockchains, but they were designed for different problems. Understanding those design choices explains almost every other difference between them.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Blockchain against record fraud: the real limits
A blockchain makes a record hard to change after it is made, but it does not guarantee the record was correct when it went in. Here is what real projects show and where the limit lies.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
How the Bitcoin blockchain works
The Bitcoin blockchain is a public ledger that no one controls alone and that becomes harder to alter every ten minutes. Here is how it works, piece by piece.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Blockchain and public spending transparency
Recording every public expense on a blockchain sounds like the ultimate fix for corruption. Here is what pilots and official reports have found and which limits still stand.
Crypto & Web3 · Analysis
Public blockchain vs. private blockchain
The difference between public and private blockchains is not just about access. It changes consensus, privacy, governance and, above all, whom you need to trust. Here is how each model works and when each makes sense.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Crypto wallets: custodial vs. non-custodial
Every crypto wallet answers one question: who controls the private key? The answer determines who can move the funds, who can lose them and whom you will have to turn to if something goes wrong.
Crypto & Web3 · Analysis
Cold wallet or hot wallet: crypto asset security
The difference between a hot wallet and a cold wallet comes down to one detail: whether the private key sits on a device connected to the internet. That detail changes which attacks work against you, but it does not eliminate all of them.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Tokenomics: how to analyze it before judging a project
Tokenomics is the set of rules that defines how many tokens exist, who gets them, when they reach the market and what they are for. Reading these rules doesn't tell you whether a project is good, but it shows who gains and who bears the risk.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Rollups: how they expand network capacity
Rollups process transactions off Ethereum and use the main network as an anchor. Understanding the internal parts shows where the extra capacity comes from and where the trust lies.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Multi-party computation applied to security
Multi-party computation lets several parties compute a result together without any of them seeing the others' data. Here is how it works, where it came from and how it is used to protect cryptographic keys.
Tokenization & Real-World Assets · Explainer
Smart contracts applied to real-world assets
In a property, a receivable or a debenture in token form, the smart contract enforces rules. It does not guarantee the asset, does not replace the legal contract and may have administrators with broad powers.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
What smart contracts are and how they work
A smart contract is a program that enforces rules by itself on a blockchain. See where the idea came from, how it works, where it tends to fail and where it fits in Brazilian law.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Verifiable credentials: practical uses
A verifiable credential is a digital document whose origin and integrity anyone can check. Understand the roles, what verification proves and where it is already used.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Cryptocurrency taxes in Brazil: obligations and limits
How cryptocurrency is taxed in Brazil depends on where the asset is held in custody. Transactions in the country follow one rule; assets on foreign platforms have followed another, stricter one since 2024. And the way to report to the tax authority changed in July 2026.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Institutional crypto custody: how it works
When a fund, a bank or an exchange holds crypto assets on behalf of others, the job goes far beyond having a wallet. It involves protecting private keys, segregating assets, reconciling records and proving that the asset exists.
Crypto & Web3 · Analysis
Centralized versus decentralized exchanges
On a centralized exchange, a company holds your assets and matches orders. On a decentralized one, you trade directly with smart contracts. Each model trades one set of risks for another.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Crypto scams: how to spot and report them
Pyramid schemes, fake exchanges, romance scams, fake support and promises of guaranteed profit. Learn how these scams work, how to check an offer before transferring any money and where to turn in Brazil.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Bitcoin halving: how it works and what it changes
Every 210,000 blocks, the number of new bitcoins created per block is cut in half. See where this rule comes from, what it actually changes and what is just market narrative.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Decentralized identity: concepts and applications
Decentralized identity promises that you, not a platform, control your identifiers and data. See how DIDs and wallets work, where blockchain is involved and where it is not needed.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Layer 1 and layer 2: how blockchains scale
Public blockchains process few transactions in order to stay open and secure. Layer 2 networks try to solve this by taking work off the main chain, but they bring risks of their own.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
LGPD and blockchain: tensions and possibilities
Brazil's LGPD assumes personal data can be corrected and deleted. Blockchain was designed so that nothing can be changed. Understanding this clash, and the technical options available, avoids projects that are out of step with the law from day one.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Tokenization and capital markets: regulatory limits
Putting a share, a bond or a fund unit on a blockchain changes the format of the record, not the nature of the investment. See where regulation draws the line and what is still being tested.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
How consensus mechanisms work
Every blockchain needs computers that do not know each other to agree on the same list of transactions. Here are the major families of consensus, what each one guarantees and what each one sacrifices.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
MiCA: the European framework for crypto-assets
Since December 2024, the European Union has had a single rulebook for crypto-asset offerings and for the firms that trade and hold them. Here is what it covers, what it leaves out and what changed when the transition ended in July 2026.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
How Bitcoin mining works
Mining Bitcoin means competing to produce the next block in the chain. Here is what miners compute, how the network keeps the pace of one block every ten minutes and why its energy use divides opinion.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
What is Bitcoin and how does it work: a complete guide
Bitcoin is at once a network, a set of rules and a unit of digital value. See how the pieces fit together, where the system's security comes from and which risks come with using it.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
What is a DAO and how does its governance work
A DAO is a group that holds funds and makes decisions through smart contracts and on-chain voting. In practice, power tends to concentrate, and the label does not settle legal questions.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
DeFi: what is decentralized finance
DeFi is the name given to financial services provided by programs running on blockchains, with no bank or broker in the middle. The promise is open access; the risks are in the code, the governance and the market.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
What is Ethereum and how does it work
Ethereum is a blockchain where anyone can publish programs that run the same way on thousands of computers. See how the pieces work and where the risks lie.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Memecoins: why they exist and what the risks are
Memecoins are born from internet jokes, characters and trends and are worth whatever the market will pay. Learn why they multiply and why the risk of loss is so high.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
What are stablecoins and how do they hold their value
Stablecoins are crypto assets designed to always be worth the same as a currency, almost always the US dollar. Here is what supports that promise, when it has broken, and which risks fall on the people who use them.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Blockchain oracles: architecture and risks
In decentralized finance, what decides whether a loan gets liquidated is a number: the price reported by the oracle. Understanding where that number comes from and how it can be distorted explains a large share of attacks on DeFi protocols.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Crypto wallet phishing: how to protect yourself
Scammers do not need to break a wallet's cryptography. They only need to convince you to hand over your seed phrase, sign a permission or copy the wrong address.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Blockchain bridges: how they work and where they fail
Blockchains do not talk to each other. Bridges make the connection by holding assets on one side and issuing representations on the other, and that is why they have become one of attackers' favorite targets.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Anti-money laundering on crypto platforms
Crypto exchanges and custodians have the same basic anti-money laundering duties as a bank. Learn what they are, where they come from and why a platform may ask for documents or hold a transfer.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Privacy on public blockchains: what is visible
On Bitcoin and Ethereum, anyone can see the amounts, dates and addresses of every transaction. The only thing protecting you is the distance between those addresses and your name, and that distance is usually shorter than it looks.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Smart contracts with an admin key
Many smart contracts have an owner who can pause them, change the rules or swap the code. Learn what these powers are, why they concentrate risk and what limits them.
Crypto & Web3 · Analysis
Proof of work or proof of stake: what really changes
Bitcoin uses proof of work; Ethereum switched to proof of stake in 2022. See how each model protects the network, what it costs to attack it, when a transaction becomes final and what risks each design carries.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
How to protect a wallet's seed phrase
The 12 or 24 words your wallet shows when you create it are, in practice, the wallet itself. Learn how to store them without exposing them and without risking losing them.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Zero-knowledge proofs: proving without revealing data
A zero-knowledge proof convinces someone that a statement is true without showing the information behind it. See how this is possible, what it is used for and where its limits lie.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Ransomware and cryptocurrency: money flows and prevention
Holding data hostage for ransom has become an industry, and cryptocurrency is its preferred means of payment. Learn how the money flows, what official figures show and which prevention and response measures authorities recommend.
Tokenization & Real-World Assets · Explainer
Real estate tokenization in Brazil: who regulates what
There is no single law on real estate tokenization in Brazil. Each piece of the operation falls under a different authority, and knowing which is which helps you tell a regular offering from an unbacked promise.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Crypto regulation in Brazil: who oversees what
In Brazil, no single body handles cryptocurrencies. The Central Bank supervises exchanges, the CVM steps in when a token is an investment, the tax authority receives data and Coaf receives money laundering alerts.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Stablecoin regulation: the international picture
Seven jurisdictions, seven timelines. See what official laws and rules require of stablecoin issuers and exchanges, what is already in force in October 2026 and what is still under consultation.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
How to investigate the security of a DeFi protocol
No check guarantees that a DeFi protocol is safe. But a few questions, almost all of which you can verify yourself, show where the risks lie before you deposit.
Finance & Digital Economy · Analysis
Stablecoins versus central bank digital currencies
A stablecoin is a private company's promise. A central bank digital currency is money from the state itself. Learn what changes for users, why central banks distrust stablecoins and where public projects stand as of October 2026.
Crypto & Web3 · Explainer
Staking: how it works, rewards and risks
Staking means depositing crypto-assets to help validate a proof-of-stake network and earning rewards for it. Learn where that payment comes from, why it is not guaranteed and what you risk with each option.
Tokenization & Real-World Assets · Analysis
Fungible versus non-fungible tokens
A token can be identical to every other one in the same issuance or be unique. That technical choice changes its use, its liquidity and, sometimes, its regulatory treatment.
Crypto & Web3 · Analysis
USDT versus USDC: mechanisms, reserves and risks
USDT and USDC promise the same thing: a token worth one dollar. But the issuers, reserves, redemption rules and regulatory status differ. Here is what the official documents show.
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